Farm jack (widowmaker, hi-lift, etc) has been my solution for poles and posts, so long as there’s enough to get a loop of chain around. Take a pair of 2x4’s and a lag bolt - attach them on either side through the top eye in the jack so you’ve got a sort of tripod. Wrap a loop or two of chain around the post and fix the chain to the jack. As you ratchet it up the chain will bite into itself and the post, eventually pulling it up. You do need enough exposed for the chain to grip but it works a treat.
I found a decent video showing off the idea.
They also make for an okayish winch. It won’t pull for far, given the short travel, but enough to unbury a tire in a pinch. Just never have your face over the handle and always be properly terrified of how unstable they can be. Not that any jack should ever be used without stands, but especially not a hi-lift.
I’ve only had to use it a few times so far but I’m 2 and 0 against the ugly, rusted, green metal U-Channel posts that originally held our mailboxes. 2 and 0 against fenceposts (one 4x4, the other round metal for a chain link).
I’ve also since seen people get one of those biting scissor clamps, on hi-lifts and purpose built tripod pullers, but I’m not sure how they’d perform against metal - whether or not the teeth would get a solid bite.
Definitely more than one way about it.